Thursday, January 31, 2019

Pervez Musharraf - Wikipedia



Pervez Musharraf (Urdu: پرویز مشرف Parvez Muśarraf ; * 11. August 1943) ist ein pakistanischer Politiker und pensionierter 4-Sterne-Generalstabler war der 10. Präsident Pakistans von 2001 bis zur Abgabe seines Rücktritts, um Amtsenthebungen 2008 zu vermeiden. [3]

Musharraf wurde in Delhi während des Britischen Bundesstaates Raj geboren und wuchs in Karachi und Istanbul auf. Er studierte später Mathematik am Forman Christian College in Lahore und später 1991 am Royal College of Defense Studies. Musharraf trat 1961 in die pakistanische Militärakademie ein und wurde 1964 bei der pakistanischen Armee in Auftrag gegeben aktive Rolle im afghanischen Bürgerkrieg. [4] Musharraf sah im Indo-Pakistanischen Krieg von 1965 Aktionen als zweiter Leutnant; In den 1980er Jahren befehligte Musharraf eine Artillerie-Brigade. In den 1990er Jahren wurde er zum Generalmajor befördert und einer Infanteriedivision zugewiesen. Später befehligte er die Special Services Group. Später diente er als stellvertretender Militärsekretär und Generaldirektor der Militäreinsätze. Musharraf erlangte nationale Anerkennung, als er zu einem Vier-Sterne-General ernannt wurde, der im Oktober 1998 vom damaligen Premierminister Sharif ernannt wurde die bewaffneten Streitkräfte. Er führte die Kargil-Infiltration an, die 1999 Indien und Pakistan beinahe zu einem Krieg geführt hätte. [6] Nach monatelangen umstrittenen Beziehungen mit Premierminister Sharif versuchte Sharif erfolglos, Musharraf aus der Führung der Armee zu entfernen. Als Vergeltungsmaßnahme führte die Armee 1999 einen Staatsstreich durch, der Musharraf die Übernahme von Pakistan ermöglichte und daraufhin Premierminister Sharif unter strenger Hausarrest stellte, bevor er sich einem Prozess gegen Sharif im Adiala-Gefängnis zuwandte. [7]

wurde Musharraf Chef der Militärregierung, 2001 Vorsitzender der Joint Chiefs und Chef des Armeestabs. Obwohl Musharraf 2001 die Position des Vorsitzenden der Joint Chiefs aufgab, blieb er bis zu seinem Ausscheiden aus der Armee im Jahr 2007 Oberbefehlshaber. [8] Am 20. Juni 2001 wurde er Präsident von Pakistan und gewann am 1. Mai ein umstrittenes Referendum 2002, das ihm fünf Jahre Präsidentschaft verlieh. [9] Im Oktober desselben Jahres überwachte er Parlamentswahlen, bei denen der von der Armee unterstützte PML-Q erfolgreich war.

Während seiner Präsidentschaft plädierte er für einen dritten Weg für eine abweichende Synthese von Konservatismus und linken Ideen. Er ernannte Shaukat Aziz anstelle von Sharif und leitete eine Politik gegen den Terrorismus und wurde zu einem wichtigen Akteur im von Amerika geführten Krieg gegen den Terrorismus [6] In den folgenden Jahren überlebte Musharraf eine Reihe von Attentaten. Er setzte die Verfassung 2002 wieder ein, obwohl sie durch die Rechtsrahmenordnung stark geändert wurde. Er sah auch einen Prozess des Sozialliberalismus unter seinem aufgeklärten Moderationsprogramm und förderte gleichzeitig die wirtschaftliche Liberalisierung und das Verbot von Gewerkschaften. [10] Er überwachte einen Anstieg des gesamten Bruttoinlandsprodukts um etwa 50%, während die inländischen Ersparnisse abnahmen und eine schnelle Entwicklung zu verzeichnen war Zunahme der wirtschaftlichen Ungleichheit. Die Regierung Musharrafs wurde ebenfalls wegen Menschenrechtsverletzungen angeklagt. [11] [12] [13]

Als Shaukat Aziz als Premierminister abreiste, und Nachdem er die Suspendierung der Justizabteilung im Jahr 2007 genehmigt hatte, wurde Musharrafs Position Anfang 2008 dramatisch geschwächt. [6] Musharraf, der seinen Rücktritt wegen der Gefahr einer möglichen Amtsenthebungsbewegung, angeführt von der regierenden pakistanischen Volkspartei im Jahr 2008, antrat, zog nach London Exil, nachdem er nach Pakistan zurückgekehrt war, um an den Parlamentswahlen im Jahr 2013 teilzunehmen. Musharraf war während seiner Abwesenheit in Pakistan in Rechtsstreitigkeiten verwickelt, nachdem die Obersten Gerichte des Landes Haftbefehle gegen ihn und Aziz ausgestellt hatten, weil sie mutmaßlich an den Attentaten auf Benazir und Bugti beteiligt waren. Nach seiner Rückkehr wurde Musharraf im April 2013 von den Richtern des Obersten Gerichtshofs von der Teilnahme an den Wahlen ausgeschlossen. [14] Am 31. März 2014 wurde Musharraf wegen Hochnutzungsrechts wegen der Umsetzung der Dringlichkeitsregel und der Suspendierung der Verfassung im Jahr 2007 angeklagt. [19659018] Am 31. August 2017 wurde er vom pakistanischen Anti-Terror-Gericht in einem Urteil über den Mordfall Benazir Bhutto zu einem "Abzocker" erklärt. [16] Sein Erbe ist gemischt; In seiner Ära entwickelte sich eine durchsetzungsfähigere Mittelschicht, aber seine Missachtung ziviler Institutionen schwächte den Staat Pakistan. [6][17]




Frühes Leben [ edit


Britisch-Indien edit ]


Pervez Musharraf wurde am 11. August 1943 in einer urdu-sprechenden Familie in Delhi, Britisch-Indien, geboren [18][19][20] dem Sohn von Syed Musharrafuddin [21] und seiner Frau Begum Zarin Musharraf. 19659027] Zum Zeitpunkt seiner Geburt lebte seine Familie in einem großen Haus, das viele Jahre der Familie seines Vaters gehörte, Nehar Wali Haveli was "Haus am Kanal" bedeutet. [21] Seine Familie waren sunnitische Muslime, die ebenfalls Sayyiden waren und behaupteten, von Prophet Muhammad abstammen zu wollen. [25] Syed Musharraf machte seinen Abschluss an der Aligarh Muslim University und trat in den Zivildienst ein, der unter britischer Herrschaft eine äußerst angesehene Karriere war. [26] Regierungsbeamte als sein Urgroßvater war ein Steuer Co llector, während sein Großvater mütterlicherseits ein qazi (Richter) war. [21] Musharrafs Mutter Zarin, geboren in den frühen zwanziger Jahren, wuchs in Lucknow auf und erhielt dort ihre Ausbildung, worauf sie ihr Studium am Indraprastha College in Delhi abschloss Universität mit Bachelor in englischer Literatur. Sie heiratete und widmete sich der Familienerziehung. [19][25] Sein Vater Syed war ein Buchhalter, der im Außenministerium der britisch-indischen Regierung arbeitete und schließlich Buchhalter wurde. [21]

Musharraf war das zweite von drei Kindern, alles Jungen. Javed Musharraf, ein älterer Bruder in Rom, ist Ökonom und einer der Direktoren des Internationalen Fonds für landwirtschaftliche Entwicklung. [27] Sein jüngerer Bruder, Dr. Naved Musharraf, ist Anästhesist in Illinois, USA [27]

Musharrafs erstes Kinderheim in Delhi hieß 'Neharwali Haveli', wörtlich 'Kanalhaus'. Die Familie von Sir Syed Ahmed Khan lebte nebenan. Es ist bezeichnend für "die westliche Bildung und soziale Prominenz der Familie", dass die Titelurkunden des Hauses, obwohl sie vollständig in Urdu geschrieben wurden, von Musharrafs Vater in englischer Sprache unterzeichnet wurden. [28]


Pakistan und die Türkei [ edit ]


Musharraf war vier Jahre alt, als Indien seine Unabhängigkeit erlangte, und Pakistan wurde als Heimat der indischen Muslime geschaffen. Seine Familie reiste im August 1947, wenige Tage vor der Unabhängigkeit, nach Pakistan ab. [23][28][29] Sein Vater trat in die pakistanische Staatsverwaltung ein und begann für die pakistanische Regierung zu arbeiten; Später trat sein Vater in das Außenministerium ein und übernahm einen Auftrag in der Türkei. [23] In seiner Autobiografie In der Zeile des Feuers: A Memoir macht Musharraf seine ersten Erfahrungen mit dem Tod, nachdem er einen Abbruch gemacht hatte Mangobaum [30]

Musharrafs Familie zog 1949 nach Ankara, als sein Vater Teil einer diplomatischen Abordnung von Pakistan in die Türkei wurde. [26][31] Er lernte Türkisch zu sprechen hatte einen Hund namens Whisky, der ihm eine "lebenslange Liebe zu Hunden" gab. [26] In seiner Jugend übte er Sport aus. [23][34] 1956 verließ er die Türkei [26][31] und kehrte 1957 nach Pakistan zurück, wo er anwesend war Saint Patrick's School in Karachi und wurde an der Forman Christian College University in Lahore angenommen. [26][35][36] Bei Forman erklärte Musharraf sein Hauptfach in Mathematik und leistete hervorragende Leistungen in seiner College-Mathematik, entwickelte sich jedoch später für Wirtschaftswissenschaften. [37]


Initial militärische Karriere [ ] edit ]


1961, im Alter von 18 Jahren, [25] trat Musharraf in die angesehene pakistanische Militärakademie in Kakul ein. [34][38] Während seiner College-Jahre an der PMA und ersten gemeinsamen militärischen Tests teilte Musharraf sich ein Zimmer mit PQ Mehdi von der pakistanischen Luftwaffe und Abdul Aziz Mirza von Navy (beide erreichten Vier-Sterne-Aufträge und dienten später bei Musharraf). Nachdem sie die Prüfungen und Aufnahmeinterviews gegeben hatten, gingen alle drei Kadetten zu einem weltweit gefeierten Urdu-Film, Savera (lit. Dawn ), mit seinen Inter-Services und College-Freunden, erinnert sich Musharraf, In the Line of Fire veröffentlicht im Jahr 2006. [25] Mit seinen Freunden bestand Musharraf die Standardisierung, physisch , psychologische und Offiziersausbildungsexamen, er hat auch Diskussionen über die sozioökonomischen Fragen geführt; Alle drei wurden von gemeinsamen Militärs befragt, die als Kommandanten bestimmt waren. [25] Am nächsten Tag berichteten Musharraf zusammen mit PQ Mehdi und Mirza an die PMA, und sie wurden für ihre entsprechende Ausbildung in ihren Kommissionsarmen ausgewählt. [25]

Schließlich absolvierte Musharraf 1964 zusammen mit Ali Kuli Khan und seinem lebenslangen Freund Abdul Aziz Mirza einen Bachelor-Abschluss in seiner Klasse des 29. PMA Long Course. [39] Er wurde im Artillerie-Regiment als Kommandeur bestellt Zweiter Leutnant und nahe der indisch-pakistanischen Grenze stationiert. [39][40] Während dieser Zeit im Artillerie-Regiment pflegte Musharraf seine enge Freundschaft und seinen Kontakt mit Mirza auch in schwierigen Zeiten, als Mirza, nachdem er der Navy Special Service Group beigetreten war, war als Militärberater der ostpakistanischen Armee in Ostpakistan stationiert. [25]


Indo-Pakistanische Konflikte (1965–1971) [ edit ]



Sein erstes Schlachtfeld Die Erfahrung war mit einem Artillerie-Regiment in den intensiven Kämpfen um den Khemkaran-Sektor im Zweiten Kaschmir-Krieg. [41] Außerdem nahm er während des Konflikts an den Kriegsgebieten von Lahore und Sialkot teil. [33] Während des Krieges erlangte Musharraf einen Ruf, sich daran zu halten Sein Posten unter Granatfeuer. [29] Er erhielt die Imtiazi-Sanad-Medaille für Galanterie. [31] [1945940]

Kurz nach dem Ende des Krieges von 1965 war er auf Empfehlung seines Kommandanten in Sialkot in die Special Force School aufgenommen. Zitat erforderlich ] Nachdem er die strengen Prüfungen und das körperlich harte Training bestanden hatte, trat er der Elite Special Service Group bei ( SSG) und anschließend gemeinsam mit dem damaligen Leutnant Shahid Karimullah (ebenfalls ein Vier-Sterne-Admiral) für die gemeinsamen Operationen ausgebildet. [32][39] Von 1966 bis 1972 war er in der SSG tätig. [32][42] Er wurde zum Hauptmann der Armee und zum Major befördert in dieser Zeit. [32] Durin Während des Krieges von 1971 mit Indien war er ein Kompaniechef eines SSG-Kommando-Bataillons. [33] Während des Krieges von 1971 sollte er nach Ost-Pakistan reisen, um sich den militärischen Militäreinsätzen von Armee und Marine anzuschließen nach dem Vormarsch der indischen Armee in Richtung Südpakistan nicht verwirklicht. [25]


Professur und militärische Aufträge (1972–1990) [ ]


. Musharraf war 1974 Oberstleutnant und 19659075 Colonel 1978. [43] Als Stabsoffizier in den 1980er Jahren studierte er Politikwissenschaft an der NDU und war dann kurze Zeit als Assistenzprofessor für Kriegsstudien am Command and Staff College und dann Assistenzprofessor für Politikwissenschaft auch an der National Defense University tätig [39][40][42] Einer seiner Professoren an der NDU war General Jehangir Karamat, der als Berater und Instruktor von Musharraf diente und maßgeblichen Einfluss auf Musharrafs Philosophie und kritisches Denken hatte. [44] Er spielte keine bedeutenden Rollen Im Pakistanischen Stellvertreterkrieg bei der sowjetischen Invasion Afghanistans von 1979 bis 1989. [42] 1987 wurde er Brigadekommandeur einer neuen Brigade der SSG in der Nähe von Siachen Glacier. [20] Er wurde vom damaligen Präsidenten und Chief persönlich ausgewählt Generalstabschef Zia-ul-Haq für diese Aufgabe aufgrund der weitreichenden Erfahrung von Musharraf im Krieg in den Bergen und in der Arktis. [45] Im September 1987 wurde unter dem Befehl von Musharraf in Bilafond La ein Angriff gestartet, bevor er zurückgedrängt wurde. [20] 1990-91 studierte er am Royal College of Defense Studies (RCDS) in Großbritannien [33]

. Zu seinen Kursen gehörten die Generalmajorale BS Malik und Ashok Mehta [45] der Indische Armee und Ali Kuli Khan von der pakistanischen Armee. [45] Musharraf leistete im Verlauf seines Kurses eine hervorragende Leistung im Vergleich zu seinen Klassenkameraden, reichte seine Master-Arbeit mit dem Titel "Impact of Arm Race auf dem indo-pakistanischen Subkontinent" ein verdiente gute Bemerkungen. [45] Er reichte seine Thesi ein s an den Kommandanten General Antonius Walker, der Musharraf als einen seiner besten Schüler betrachtete, die er in seiner gesamten Karriere gesehen hatte. [45] An einer Stelle beschrieb Walker Musharraf: "Ein fähiger, artikulierter und äußerst sympathischer Offizier, der einen wertvollen Eindruck hinterlassen hat RCDS. Sein Land hat das Glück, einen Mann von unbestreitbarer Qualität zu haben. "[45] Er machte seinen Master-Abschluss an der RCDS und kehrte kurz darauf nach Pakistan zurück. [45] Nach seiner Rückkehr in die 1980er Jahre interessierte sich Musharraf für den aufstrebenden Rock Nach dem Ausscheiden aus dem Dienst hörte er oft Rockmusik. [25] In den 80er Jahren, die als Geburtsstunde des pakistanischen Rockmusikgenres galten, war Musharraf in den 1980er Jahren in der populären westlichen Mode, die bei der Regierung sehr beliebt war öffentliche Kreise in dem damaligen Land. [25] Während seiner Zeit in der Armee erhielt er den Spitznamen "Cowboy" für seine verwestlichten Verhaltensweisen und sein modisches Interesse an westlicher Kleidung. [42][43]


Ernennungen von Kommandanten und Mitarbeitern (1991–1995) [19659021] [ edit ]


Früher in den Jahren 1988–1989 schlug Musharraf (als Brigadier) die Kargil-Infiltration bei Premierminister Benazir Bhutto vor, die jedoch den Plan zurückwies. [46] Im Jahr 1991/93 sicherte er sich ab eine Zwei-Sterne-Promotion, die Hallo erhebt Im Rang eines Generalmajors befand sich ein Kommando der 40. Armeedivision als GOC, die im Okara-Militärbezirk in der Provinz Punjab stationiert war. [45] In den Jahren 1993-95 arbeitete Generalmajor Musharraf als Direktor eng mit dem Stabschef der Armee zusammen Generaldirektion der pakistanischen Armee Generaldirektion für Militäreinsätze (DGMO). [43] In dieser Zeit kam Musharraf in die Nähe des technischen Offiziers und Generaldirektors von ISI des Generalsekretärs der Generalunternehmer Javed Nasir und hatte mit ihm zusammengearbeitet Während seiner Regiearbeit im bosnischen Krieg. [45] [47] Seine politische Philosophie wurde von Benazir Bhutto [48] beeinflusst, der ihn zu verschiedenen Anlässen betreute, und Musharraf schloss sich militärisch gegen Benazir Bhutto an Ausgaben über Indien. [48] Von 1993 bis 1995 besuchte Musharraf als Teil der Delegation von Benazir Bhutto wiederholt die Vereinigten Staaten. [48] Es war Maulana Fazal-ur-Rehman Wer Lobbie d) für seine Beförderung zu Benazir Bhutto und anschließend die Genehmigung der von Benazir Bhutto genehmigten Beförderungspapiere von Musharraf, was schließlich zu seiner Ernennung im Schlüsselstab von Benazir Bhutto führte. [49] 1993 unterstützte Musharraf Benazir Bhutto persönlich ein geheimes Treffen in einer pakistanischen Botschaft in Washington, DC, mit Vertretern des Mossad und dem Sondergesandten des israelischen Ministerpräsidenten Yitzhak Rabin. [48] Es war zu dieser Zeit, als Musharraf äußerst freundschaftliche Beziehungen mit Shaukat Aziz aufbaute, der zu dieser Zeit als Exekutivpräsident der weltweiten Finanzdienstleistungen der Citibank diente. [48]

Nach dem Zusammenbruch von Die gebrochene afghanische Regierung, Musharraf, unterstützte General Babar und den Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) bei der Entwicklung einer Politik zur Unterstützung der neu gebildeten Taliban im afghanischen Bürgerkrieg gegen die Regierung der Nordallianz. [42] In politischen Fragen befreundete sich Musharraf mit der Justiz des obersten Gerichtshofs von Pakistan, Justiz Rafiq Tarar (späterer Präsident) und vertrat mit ihm den gleichen Glauben. [45]

Sein letztes Feldpostfeld war 1995 in der Region Mangla der Provinz Kaschmir als Benazir Bhutto die Beförderung von Musharraf in den Drei-Sterne-Rang Generalleutnant billigte. [45] Zwischen 1995 und 1998 war Generalleutnant Musharraf der Befehlshaber des Korps (CC-I) I Streik Korps in Mangla im Militärbezirk Mangla stationiert. [39]


Vier-Sterne-Ernennungen (1998–2007) [] [19]


Joint Chiefs [ edit ]



Musharraf in Vierstern-Armee-Uniform, PA, ca. 2007.

Obwohl sowohl Nawaz Sharif als auch General Jehangir Karamat ausgebildet wurden und gemeinsame Ansichten hinsichtlich der nationalen Sicherheit vertraten, kam es im Oktober 1998 zu Problemen mit dem Vorsitzenden der Generalstabschefs und des Generalstabschefs der Generalstabschef Karamat. [49] [49] In seiner Ansprache an die Offiziere und Kadetten des Naval War College betonte General Karamat die Einrichtung des National Security Council [39] der von einem "Team von zivil-militärischen Experten" [49] unterstützt werden sollte Maßnahmen zur Lösung laufender Probleme im Zusammenhang mit zivil-militärischen Fragen; empfahl auch eine "neutrale, aber kompetente Bürokratie und Verwaltung auf Bundesebene und die Errichtung von Gebietskörperschaften in vier Provinzen." [49] Dieser Vorschlag stieß auf Feindseligkeit und führte zur Absetzung von General Karamat durch Nawaz Sharif [39] Dies wiederum reduzierte Nawaz 'Mandat in öffentlichen Kreisen und führte zu erheblicher Kritik seitens des Oppositionsführers Benazir Bhutto. [50]

. Es gab möglicherweise drei Generalleutnants Nachfolger von General Karamat als Vier-Sterne-Rang und Chef des Armeestabs. Generalleutnant Ali Kuli Khan, ein Absolvent der PMA und der RMA, Sandhurst, [49] war ein äußerst fähiger Stabsoffizier, der in öffentlichen Kreisen beliebt war, er wurde jedoch als dem ehemaligen Armeechef nahestehend angesehen General (im Ruhestand) Abdul Vaheed; und wurde nicht befördert. [49] An zweiter Stelle stand der Generalleutnant Khalid Nawaz Khan, der für seine rücksichtslose Führung in der Armee bekannt war. besonders für seine unnachgiebige Haltung gegenüber seinen jüngeren Offizieren. Der Generalleutnant Nawaz Khan war bekannt für seine Opposition und sein Anti-Muhajir-Gefühl und war besonders hartnäckig gegen das MQM. [49]

Musharraf war Dritter und wurde von der angesehenen allgemeine Öffentlichkeit und die Streitkräfte. Er hatte auch einen exzellenten akademischen Status von seinem College- und Universitätsstudium. [49] Musharraf wurde von den Kollegen des Premierministers stark favorisiert: ein strenger Offizier mit demokratischen Ansichten. [49] Nisar Ali Khan und Shahbaz Sharif empfahlen Musharraf und Premierminister Nawaz Sharif beförderte Musharraf persönlich in den Rang eines Vier-Sterne-Generals Karamat zu ersetzen [39]

Nach dem Vorfall in Kargil wollte Musharraf nicht der Vorsitzende der Joint Chiefs sein: [49] Musharraf bevorzugte den Chef des Marine-Personals Admiral Bokhari übernahm diese Rolle und behauptete: "Er interessierte sich nicht" [49] Premierminister Sharif war wegen dieses feindseligen Verhältnisses zum Admiral mit diesem Vorschlag unzufrieden. Musharraf verschärfte seine Kluft mit Nawaz Sharif weiter, nachdem er die erzwungene Pensionierung hochrangiger Offiziere nahe dem Premierminister empfohlen hatte, [49] einschließlich Generalleutnant Tariq Pervez (oder TP ), Kommandeur von XII Corps, ein Schwager eines hochrangigen Kabinettsministers. [49] Nach Aussage von Musharraf war der Generalleutnant TP ein missmutiger, übelriechender, disziplinierter Offizier, der bei den Streitkräften großen Dissens verursachte. [49] Die Ankündigung von Nawaz Sharif über die Beförderung von General Musharraf zu den Vorsitzenden der Joint Chiefs führte zu einer Eskalation der Spannungen mit Admiral Bokhari: Nachdem er die Nachrichten gehört hatte, protestierte er heftig gegen den Premierminister. Am nächsten Morgen entließ der Premierminister Admiral Bokhari von seinen Pflichten [49] Zu seiner Zeit als Vorsitzender der Joint Chiefs begann Musharraf, freundschaftliche Beziehungen zur US-amerikanischen Armee aufzubauen, darunter General Anthony Zinni, USMC, General Tommy Franks, General John Abizaid und General Colin Powell der US-Armee von denen waren Vier-Sterne-Generäle der Premierminister in der Militärgeschichte der Vereinigten Staaten. [51]


Kargil Conflict [ edit



Die pakistanische Armee hatte den Kargil ursprünglich begründet Plan nach dem Siachen - Konflikt, aber der Plan wurde wiederholt von hochrangigen Zivil - und Militärangehörigen abgelehnt. Musharraf war ein führender Stratege hinter dem Kargil - Konflikt. Von März bis Mai 1999 ordnete er die heimliche Infiltration der kaschmirischen Streitkräfte an Bezirk Kargil. [42] Nachdem Indien die Infiltration entdeckt hatte, führte eine heftige indische Offensive beinahe zu einem Krieg. [42][46] Allerdings zog Sharif im Juli die Unterstützung der Aufständischen im Grenzkonflikt zurück Dies führte zu einem erhöhten internationalen Druck. [42] Die Entscheidung von Sharif widersprach der pakistanischen Armee und Gerüchte über einen möglichen Putsch traten bald auf. [42] [52] Sharif und Musharraf streiten sich darüber, wer für den Kargil-Konflikt verantwortlich war und Pakistans Rückzug. [53]

Diese strategische Operation stieß in den öffentlichen Kreisen auf große Feindseligkeit und breite Zustimmung in den Medien, die dies rundweg kritisierten Operation. [54] Musharraf hatte heftige Konfrontationen und war in ernsthafte Auseinandersetzungen mit seinen hohen Offizieren, dem Chef des Marinestabs Admiral Fasih Bokhari, [55] des Luftwaffenstabes, des Luftchefs von Marschall PQ Mehdi und des Generalleutnants Ali Kuli Khan verwickelt [56] Admiral Bokhari forderte schließlich ein vollwertiges gemeinsames Kriegsgericht gegen General Musharraf, [55] während General Kuli Khan den Krieg als "eine Katastrophe größer als die Ost-Pakistan-Tragödie" auslöste. [56] fügte hinzu, der Plan sei "fehlerhaft in Bezug auf Konzeption, taktische Planung und Ausführung" gewesen und endete mit "Opfer von so vielen Soldaten". [56] [19650048] [57] Probleme mit seinem lebenslangen Freund, Chef des Luftstabs, Luftfahrtchef Pervez Mehdi, entstanden auch, als der Luftchef sich weigerte, an einem Luftangriff zur Unterstützung der Elemente der Armee in der Region Kargil teilzunehmen oder zu genehmigen. [58] [58]

Während des letzten Treffens mit dem Premierminister stand Musharraf einer ernsten Kritik an den Ergebnissen gegenüber, die Kargils Infiltration durch den Generalleutnant Generalleutnant Jamshed Gulzar Kiani hervorgerufen hatte, der bei dem Treffen behauptete: "(.. .) wha Alles, was dort geschrieben wurde, ist gegen die Logik. Wenn Sie Ihren Feind durch die Halsschlagader fangen, würde er mit voller Wucht reagieren ... Wenn Sie die Versorgungslinien des Feindes kürzen, besteht die einzige Möglichkeit für ihn darin, die Versorgung mit dem Flugzeug sicherzustellen ... (sic) Es war unwahrscheinlich, dass die indische Armee konfrontiert wurde, und dies musste der Gelegenheit entsprechen. Es ist gegen die Weisheit, dass Sie dem Feind diktieren, den Krieg auf eine bestimmte Front zu beschränken ... " [59]

Nawaz Sharif hat behauptet, dass die Operation ohne sein Wissen durchgeführt wurde Einzelheiten über das Briefing, das er vor und nach der Kargil-Operation vom Militär erhalten hatte, wurden bekannt: Vor der Operation zwischen Januar und März wurde Sharif in drei separaten Sitzungen über die Operation informiert. Im Januar informierte ihn die Armee über den Indianer Truppenbewegung entlang des LOC in Skardu am 29. Januar 1999, am 5. Februar in Kel, am 12. März im GHQ und schließlich am 17. Mai im ISI-Hauptquartier: Am Ende des DCC-Treffens im Juni wandte sich ein scharfer Sharif an die Armee Chef und sagte "Sie hätten es mir früher sagen sollen", zog Musharraf sein Notizbuch heraus und wiederholte die Daten und den Inhalt von rund sieben Briefings, die er ihm seit Anfang Januar gegeben hatte. [60]


Chief Executive [ bearbeiten ]


Putsch 1999 [ edit ]



Militärische Funktionäre des Stabschefs von Musharraf (JS-Hauptquartier) trafen sich Ende September dreimal mit regionalen Kommandanten des Korps in Erwartung eines möglichen Putsches. [19459192[61] Um die Gerüchte über einen Zwischenfall zwischen Musharraf und Sharif zu mildern, bestätigte Sharif offiziell die verbleibenden zwei Jahre seiner Amtszeit Musharrafs am 30. September. [61] [62] [62]


President Gen. Pervez Musharraf spricht während einer Pressekonferenz auf dem pakistanischen Luftwaffenstützpunkt in Chaklala Pakistan.

Musharraf war zu einer Wochenendreise aufgebrochen, um an den Feierlichkeiten zum 50. Jahrestag der srilankischen Armee teilzunehmen. [63] Als Pervez Musharraf von einem offiziellen Besuch in Colombo zurückkehrte, wurde seinem Flug die Erlaubnis zum internationalen Flughafen von Karachi erteilt, nachdem das Büro des Premierministers Befehle erteilt hatte. [64] Nach der Ankündigung von Nawaz Sharif, der Pervez Musharraf durch Khwaja Ziauddin ersetzte, den dritten Nachfolger des obersten Militärkommandanten des Landes in weniger als zwei Jahren, [64] begannen örtliche Militärkommandanten, Truppen in Richtung Islamabad zu mobilisieren von nahe gelegenem Rawalpindi. [63] [64] Das Militär setzte Sharif unter Hausarrest, [65] aber in letzter Anstrengung beauftragte Sharif privat die Fluglotsen von Karachi, die Flucht von Musharraf nach Indien umzuleiten. [61] [64] Der Plan scheiterte, als Soldaten in Karatschi den Kontrollturm des Flughafens umzingelten. [64] [66] Um 13.50 Uhr am 13. Oktober [65] Musharraf wandte sich mit einer aufgezeichneten Botschaft an die Nation. [64]

Am 13. Oktober traf sich Musharraf mit Präsident Rafiq Tarar zur Beratung zur Legitimierung des Putsches [67] Am 15. Oktober beendete Musharraf die aufkommenden Hoffnungen auf einen schnellen Übergang zur Demokratie, nachdem er den Ausnahmezustand ausgerufen, die Verfassung aufgehoben und die Macht als Chief Executive übernommen hatte. [66] [68] Er hat auch die Regierung schnell von politischen Feinden befreit, insbesondere von Ziauddin und dem Chef der nationalen Luftfahrtgesellschaft Shahid Khaqan Abbassi. [66] Am 17. Oktober gab er seine zweite nationale Adresse und setzte einen siebenköpfigen militärisch-zivilen Rat für die Regierung des Landes ein. [69] [70] Am 21. Oktober ernannte er drei pensionierte Militärs und einen Richter als Provinzverwalter. [71] Letztendlich übernahm Musharraf die Exekutive, erlangte jedoch nicht das Amt des Premierministers. [70] Das Sekretariat des Premierministers (Amtssitz des pakistanischen Premierministers) wurde von der Militärpolizei geschlossen und der Stab wurde sofort von Musharraf abgesetzt. [19459217[70]

Im Land gab es keine organisierten Proteste Coup. [70] [72] Der Putsch wurde von der internationalen Gemeinschaft weithin kritisiert. [73] Folglich wurde Pakistan vom Commonwealth of Nations suspendiert. [74] [75] Sharif wurde unter Hausarrest gestellt und später auf persönlichen Wunsch und auf vertraglicher Grundlage nach Saudi-Arabien verbannt. [76]


Erste Tage [ edit


The senior military Ernennungen in den Inter-Services waren äußerst wichtig und entscheidend für Musharraf, um die Legitimität und die Unterstützung seines Putsches in den gemeinsamen Inter-Services zu erhalten. [77] Beginnend mit der PAF zwang Musharraf Präsident Tarar, den meisten Nachwuchs-Luftmarschall zum Vier-Sterne-Rang zu ernennen, besonders wenn jemand mit Musharraf während seiner Inter-Service-Operationen gearbeitet hatte. [58] Nachdem der Luftmarschall Pervez Kureshi in den Ruhestand getreten war, wurde der jüngste Luftmarschall Muschaf Mir (der 1996 mit Musharraf zusammenarbeitete, um ISI in Taliban-Angelegenheiten zu unterstützen) zum Vier-Sterne-Rang ernannt und zum Chef ernannt of Air Staff. [58] Es gab zwei äußerst wichtige militärische Ernennungen von Musharraf in der Marine. Obwohl Admiral Aziz Mirza (ein lebenslanger Freund von Musharraf, der sich in den 1960er Jahren mit dem Admiral in einem Schlafsaal befand und sie gemeinsam die Akademie absolvierte) von Premierminister Nawaz Sharif ernannt wurde, unterstützte Mirza Musharrafs Putsch und war auch ein enger Freund von Musharraf seit 1971, als beide an einer gemeinsamen Operation gegen die indische Armee teilnahmen. [77] Nach dem Ausscheiden von Mirza ernannte Musharraf Admiral Shahid Karimullah, mit dem Musharraf in den 1960er Jahren gemeinsam in Sonderschulen ausgebildet wurde, [77] zum Vier-Sterne-Rang und Chef des Marinestabs. [78]

Musharrafs erster Auslandsbesuch fand am 26. Oktober in Saudi-Arabien statt, wo er sich mit König Fahd traf. [79] [80] Nach einem Treffen mit hochrangigen saudischen Königshäusern ging er am nächsten Tag nach Medina und führte Umrah in Mekka auf. [79] Am 28. Oktober ging er in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, bevor er nach Hause zurückkehrte. [79] [80]

Bis Ende Oktober bestellte Musharraf in seinem Kabinett viele Technokraten und Bürokraten, darunter auch ehemalige Citibank-Exekutive Shaukat Aziz als Finanzminister und Abdul Sattar als Außenminister. [81] [82] Anfang November veröffentlichte er Einzelheiten über sein Vermögen der Öffentlichkeit. [83]

Ende Dezember 1999 beschäftigte sich Musharraf mit seiner ersten internationalen Krise, als Indien die Beteiligung Pakistans an der Flugzeugentführung 814 von Indian Airlines beschuldigte [84] [85] Though United States President Bill Clinton pressured Musharraf to ban the alleged group behind the hijacking — Harkat-ul-Mujahideen,[86] Pakistani officials refused because of fears of reprisal from political parties such as Jamaat-e-Islami.[87]

In March 2000, Musharraf banned political rallies.[72] In a television interview given in 2001, Musharraf openly spoke about the negative role of a few high-ranking officers in the Pakistan Armed Forces in state's affairs.[88] Musharraf labelled many of his senior professors at NDU as "pseudo-intellectuals", including the NDU's notable professors, General Aslam Beg and Jehangir Karamat under whom Musharraf studied and served well.[88]


Sharif trial and exile[edit]


The Military Police held former prime minister Sharif under house arrest at a government guesthouse[89] and opened his Lahore home to the public in late October 1999.[81] He was formally indicted in November[89] on charges of hijacking, kidnapping, attempted murder, and treason for preventing Musharraf's flight from landing at Karachi airport on the day of the coup.[90][91] His trial began in early March 2000 in an anti-terrorism court,[92] which is designed for speedy trials.[93] He testified Musharraf began preparations of a coup after the Kargil conflict.[92] Sharif was placed in Adiala Jail, infamous for hosting Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's trial, and his leading defence lawyer, Iqbal Raad, was shot dead in Karachi in mid-March.[94] Sharif's defense team blamed the military for intentionally providing their lawyers with inadequate protection.[94] The court proceedings were widely accused of being a show trial.[95][96][97] Sources from Pakistan claimed that Musharraf and his military government's officers were in full mood to exercise tough conditions on Sharif, and intended to send Navaz Sharif to gallows to face similar fate as Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1979. It was the pressure on Musharraf exerted by Saudi Arabia and the United States to exile Sharif after it became authenticated that the court is near to place her verdict on Navaz Sharif on his charges, and the court will sentenced Sharif to death. Sharif signed an agreement with Musharraf and his military government and his family was exiled to Saudi Arabia in December 2000.


Constitutional changes[edit]



Shortly after Musharraf's takeover, Musharraf issued Oath of Judges Order No. 2000, which required judges to take a fresh oath of office swearing allegiance to the military. On 12 May 2000, the Supreme Court asked Musharraf to hold national elections by 12 October 2002. The residing President Rafiq Tarar remained in office until his voluntary resignation in June 2001. After his resignation, Musharraf formally appointed himself as President on 20 June 2001. In August 2002, he issued the Legal Framework Order No. 2002, which added numerous amendments to the Constitution.


2002 general elections[edit]



Musharraf called for nationwide political elections in the country after accepting the ruling of the Supreme Court of Pakistan.[25] Musharraf was the first military president to accept the rulings of the Supreme Court and holding free and fair elections in 2002 in his vision to return the democracy in the country.[25] In October 2002, Pakistan held general elections, which the pro-Musharraf PML-Q won wide margins, although it had failed to gain absolute majority. The PML-Q formed government with far-right religious parties coalition, the MMA and the liberals MQM; the coalition legitimised Musharraf's rule.[25]

After elections, the PML-Q nominated Zafarullah Khan Jamali for the office of Prime minister, which Musharraf also approved.[98] After first session at the Parliament, Musharraf voluntarily transferred the powers of chief executive to Prime minister of Pakistan Zafarullah Khan Jamali.[25] Musharraf succeeded to pass the XVII amendment, which grants powers to dissolve the parliament, with approval required from the Supreme Court.[25] Within two years, Jamali proved to be an ineffective prime minister to forcefully implement his policies in the country and mounted problems with elite business class of Pakistan. Musharraf accepted the resignation of Jamali and asked his close colleague Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain to appoint a new prime minister in place.[25] Hussain nominated Finance minister Shaukat Aziz, who had been impressive due to his performance as finance minister in 1999. Musharraf regarded Aziz as his right hand and preferable choice for the office of Prime minister.[25] With Aziz appointed as Prime minister, Musharraf transferred all executive powers to Aziz as he trusted Shaukat Aziz.[25] Aziz proved to be extremely capable while running the government and under Aziz's government economic growth reached to a maximum level, which further stabilised Musharraf's presidency.[99] Aziz swiftly, quietly and more quickly undermined the elements seeking to undermine Musharraf, which became a factor that Musharraf had trusted Aziz.[99] During 2004–07, Aziz approved many projects that did not required permission of Musharraf.[99]

In 2010, all constitutionals changes carried out by Musharraf and Aziz's policies were reverted by the 18th Amendment, and put the country back to its initial position and gave powers to Prime minister to its actual constitutional status.


Presidency[edit]




The presidency of Pervez Musharraf helped bring the liberal forces to the national level and into prominence, for the first time in the history of Pakistan.[25] He granted national amnesty to the political workers of the liberal parties like Muttahida Qaumi Movement and Pakistan Muslim League (Q), and supported MQM in becoming a central player in the government. Musharraf disbanded the cultural policies of the previous Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, and quickly adopted Benazir Bhutto's cultural policies after disbanding Indian channels in the country.[25]

His cultural policies liberalized Pakistan's media, and he issued many television licenses to the private-sector to open television centers and media houses.[25] The television dramas, film industry, theatre, music and literature activities, were personally encouraged by Pervez Musharraf.[25] Under his policies, the rock music bands gained a lot appraisal in the country and many concerts in the country were held each week.[25] His cultural policies, the film, theatre, rock and folk music, and television programmes were extremely devoted to and promoted the national spirit of the country.[25] In 2001, Musharraf got on stage with the rock music band, Junoon, and sang national song with the band.[101]

On political fronts, Mushrraf faced fierce opposition from the ultraconservative alliance, the MMA, led by clergyman Maulana Noorani.[49] In Pakistan, Maulana Noorani was remembered as a mystic religious leader and had preached spiritual aspects of Islam in all over the world as part of the World Islamic Mission.[49] Although, the political deadlock posed by Maulana Noorani was neutralized after Noorani's death, Mushrraf yet had to face the opposition from ARD led by Benazir Bhutto of the PPP.[49]


Support for the War on Terror[edit]



Musharraf allied with the United States against the Afghan mujahideen in Afghanistan after the September 11 attacks.[101]

A few months after the September 11 attacks, Musharraf gave a speech against extremism.[102] He instituted prohibitions on foreign students' access to studying Islam within Pakistan, an effort that began as an outright ban but was later reduced to restrictions on obtaining visas.[103] On 18 September 2005, Musharraf made a speech before a broad based audience of Jewish leadership, sponsored by the American Jewish Congress's Council for World Jewry, in New York City. In the speech, he denounced Islamic ideology and opened the door to relationships between his secular ideology and Israel. He was widely criticised by Middle Eastern leaders, but was met with some praise among Jewish leadership.[104]


Relations with India[edit]


After the 2001 Gujarat earthquake, Musharraf expressed his sympathies to Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and sent a plane load of relief supplies to India.[105][106][107]

In the 2004, Musharraf began a series of talks with India to resolve the Kashmir dispute.


Relations with Saudi Arabia[edit]


In 2006, King Abdullah visited Pakistan for the first time as King. Musharraf honoured King Abdullah with the Nishan-e-Pakistan.[108] Musharraf received the King Abdul-Aziz Medallion in 2007.[109]


Nuclear scandals[edit]



Since September 2001 until his resignation in 2007 from the military, his presidency suffered more highly controversial atomic scandals than any other government in the history of the country.[110] These scandals badly affected his authoritative legitimacy in the country and in the international community.[110] In October 2001, Musharraf authorised a sting operation led by FIA to arrest two physicists Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood and Chaudhry Abdul Majeed, due to their supposed connection with Taliban after they secretly visited Taliban government led Afghanistan in 2000.[111] The local Pakistani media widely circulated the reports that "Mahmood had a meeting with Osama bin Laden where Bin Laden had shown the interests of building a radiological weapon."[111] Later, it was revealed that neither scientist was able to build such designs of the bomb and had lacked scientific knowledge of such weapons.[111][112] The credibility of these two scientists were put in great doubts about their role in country's atomic bomb program.[112] In December 2001, he authorized the security hearings of these two scientists and were taken into the custody of the JAG Branch (JAG) where the security hearings continued until early 2002.[111]

Another widely controversial scandal during Musharraf's presidency arose as a consequence of the disclosure of atomic proliferation by Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan. Earlier on 27 February 2001, Musharraf spoke highly of Abdul Qadeer Khan in a farewell state dinner in Islamabad.[113] Personally approving the appointment Science Advisor to the Government to Abdul Qadeer Khan, also in 2001. In 2004, Musharraf relieved Abdul Qadeer Khan from his post and initially denied knowledge of government's and the armed force's role in nuclear proliferation, despite Abdul Qadeer Khan urging that Musharraf was the "Big Boss" of the proliferation ring. Following this, Musharraf authorized a national security hearings of Abdul Qadeer Khan, which continued until his resignation from the army in 2007. According to Zahid Malik, Musharraf and the military establishment at that time, were exercised rough actions against Abdul Qadeer Khan to prove the loyalty of Pakistan to the United States and Western world.[114]


US president George W. Bush and his counterpart President Pervez Musharraf address the media in Cross Hall.

The investigations back fired on Musharraf and a wide scale public opinion turned against him soon after.[115] The massive and populist ARD movement, containing the major political parties especially the rivals PML and the PPP, used that issue politically to malign Musharraf and to bring down his presidency alone.[116]

At the public circles, the debriefings of Abdul Qadeer Khan had severely damaged Musharraf's own public image and his political prestige in the country.[116] Musharraf faced bitter domestic criticism for singularly attempting to vilify Abdul Qadeer Khan, specifically from opposition leader Benazir Bhutto who issued harassing statements towards Musharraf's role. In an interview to Daily TimesBenazir Bhutto maintained that Abdul Qadeer Khan was made "scapegoat" in this nuclear proliferation scandal and she didn't "believe that such a big scandal could have taken place under the nose of General Musharraf".[117] The long standing ally of Musharraf, the MQM, gave bitter and a public acrimonious criticism to Musharraf over his handling of Abdul Qadeer Khan. The ARD movement and the political parties further politicized this issue after tapping a public anger and mass demonstration all over the country against Musharraf. The credibility of the United States was also badly damaged over this issue;[116] the United States refrained itself from pressuring Musharraf to take further actions against Abdul Qadeer Khan due to their strategic calculations.[118] While Abdul Qadeer Khan remained insanely popular in the country,[119][120] on the other hand, Musharraf could not sustained to this political pressure and his presidency was further weakened after being harassed by Benazir Bhutto over this issue.[117] In a quick move, Musharraf quickly pardoned Abdul Qadeer Khan in exchange for cooperation and issue confinement orders against Khan that limited Khan's movement.[121] Musharraf wasted no time to hand over the case of Abdul Qadeer Khan into the hands of Prime minister Aziz who had been supportive towards Abdul Qadeer Khan and spoke highly of him in public in 2007; personally, "thanking" Abdul Qadeer Khan, and quoting: "The services of Dr. Qadeer Khan are unforgettable for the country."[122]

On 4 July 2008, in an interview, Abdul Qadeer Khan laid the blame on President Musharraf and later on Benazir Bhutto for transferring the technology, claiming that Musharraf was aware of all the deals and he was the "Big Boss" for those deals.[123] Abdul Qadeer Khan said that, "Musharraf gave centrifuges to North Korea in a 2000 shipment supervised by the armed forces. The equipment was sent in a North Korean plane loaded under the supervision of Pakistan security officials."[123] Nuclear weapons expert David Albright of the ISIS agrees that Abdul Qadeer Khan's activities were government-sanctioned.[124] After Musharraf's resignation, Abdul Qadeer Khan was finally released from house arrest by the executive order of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. After Musharraf departed from the country, the new Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee General Tärik Majid terminated all further debriefings of Abdul Qadeer Khan. A complicating factor is that, few believed that Abdul Qadeer Khan acted alone and the affair risks gravely damaging the Armed Forces, which oversaw and controlled the nuclear weapons development and of which Musharraf was Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, until his resignation from military service on 28 November 2007.[110]


Corruption issues[edit]


When Musharraf came to power in 1999, he promised that the corruption in the government bureaucracy would be cleaned up. However, some claimed that the level of corruption did not diminish throughout Musharraf's time.[125]


Domestic politics[edit]


In December 2003, Musharraf made a deal with MMA, a six-member coalition of far-right Islamic parties, agreeing to leave the army by 31 December 2004. With that party's support, pro-Musharraf legislators were able to muster the two-thirds supermajority required to pass the Seventeenth Amendment, which retroactively legalised Musharraf's 1999 coup and many of his decrees. In late 2004, Musharraf went back on his agreement with the MMA and pro-Musharraf legislators in the Parliament passed a bill allowing Musharraf to keep both offices. Constitution Article 63 clause (1) paragraph (d), read with proviso to Article 41 clause (7) paragraph (b), allows the President to hold dual office.

On 1 January 2004, Musharraf had won a confidence vote in the Electoral College of Pakistan, consisting of both houses of Parliament and the four provincial assemblies. Musharraf received 658 out of 1170 votes, a 56% majority, but many opposition and Islamic members of parliament walked out to protest the vote. As a result of this vote, his term was extended to 2007.

Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali resigned on 26 June 2004, after losing the support of the Musharraf's party, PML(Q). His resignation was at least partially due to his public differences with the party chairman, Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain. This was rumored to have happened at Musharraf's command. Jamali had been appointed with the support of Musharraf's and the pro-Musharraf PML(Q). Most PML(Q) parliamentarians formerly belonged to the Pakistan Muslim League party led by Sharif, and most ministers of the cabinet were formerly senior members of other parties, joining the PML(Q) after the elections upon being offered positions. Musharraf nominated Shaukat Aziz, the minister for finance and a former employee of Citibank[126] and head of Citibank Private Banking as the new prime minister.


Women's rights[edit]


President Musharraf is greeted by President Bush in Washington in September 2006.

The National Assembly voted in favour of the "Women's Protection Bill" on 15 November 2006 and the Senate approved it on 23 November 2006. President General Pervez Musharraf signed into law the "Women's Protection Bill", on 1 December 2006. The bill places rape laws under the penal code and allegedly does away with harsh conditions that previously required victims to produce four male witnesses and exposed the victims to prosecution for adultery, if they were unable to prove the crime.[127]
However, the Women's Protection bill has been criticised heavily by many for paying continued lip service and failing to address the actual problem by its roots: repealing the Hudood Ordinance. In this context, Musharraf has also been criticized by women and human rights activists for not following up his words by action.[128][129] The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) said that "The so-called Women's Protection Bill is a farcical attempt at making Hudood Ordinances palatable" outlining the issues of the bill and the continued impact on women.[130]

His government increased reserved seats for women in assemblies, to increase women's representation and make their presence more effective. Compared with 1988 seats in the National Assembly were increased from 20 to 60. In provincial assemblies 128 seats were reserved for women. This situation has brought out increase participation of women for 1988 and 2008 elections.[131]

In March 2005, a couple of months after the rape of a Pakistani physician, Dr. Shazia Khalid, working on a government gas plant in the remote Balochistan province, Musharraf was criticised for pronouncing, Captain Hammad, a fellow military man and the accused in the case, innocent before the judicial inquiry was complete.[132][133] Following the rape, riots erupted in the local Bugti clan of the province, where the rape took place. They saw a rape in their heartland as being a breach of their code of honour and attacked the gas plant. In an uncompromising response Musharraf sent tanks, helicopters and an extra 4,500 soldiers to guard the installation. If the tribesmen failed to stop shooting, he warned on television, "they will not know what hit them."[134] Shazia was later forced and threatened by the government to leave the country.[135]

In an interview to The Washington Post in September 2005 Musharraf said that Pakistani women, who were the victims of rape, treated rape as a "moneymaking concern" and were only interested in the publicity in order to make money and get a Canadian visa. He subsequently denied making these comments, but The Washington Post made available an audio recording of the interview, in which Musharraf could be heard making the quoted remarks.[136] Musharraf also denied Mukhtaran Mai, a Pakistani rape victim, the right to travel abroad, until pressured by US State Department.[137] The remarks made by Musharraf sparked outrage and protests both internationally and in Pakistan by various groups i.e. women groups, activists.[138] In a rally, held close to the presidential palace and Pakistan's parliament, hundreds of women demonstrated in Pakistan demanding Musharraf apologise for the controversial remarks about female rape victims.[139]


Assassination attempts[edit]


In 2000 Kamran Atif, an alleged member of Harkat-ul Mujahideen al-Alami, tried to assassinate Musharraf. Atif was sentenced to death in 2006 by an Anti Terrorism Court. On 14 December 2003, Musharraf survived an assassination attempt when a powerful bomb went off minutes after his highly guarded convoy crossed a bridge in Rawalpindi. It was the third such attempt during his four-year rule. On 25 December 2003, two suicide bombers tried to assassinate Musharraf, but their car bombs failed to kill him; 16 others died instead.[140] Musharraf escaped with only a cracked windshield on his car. Amjad Farooqi was an alleged mastermind behind these attempts, and was killed by Pakistani forces in 2004 after an extensive manhunt.

On 6 July 2007, there was another attempted assassination, when an unknown group fired a 7.62 submachine gun at Musharraf's plane as it took off from a runway in Rawalpindi. Security also recovered 2 anti-aircraft guns, from which no shots had been fired.[141] On 17 July 2007, Pakistani police detained 39 people in relation to the attempted assassination of Musharraf.[142] The suspects were detained at an undisclosed location by a joint team of Punjab Police, the Federal Investigation Agency and other Pakistani intelligence agencies.[143]

On 8 October 2007, a military helicopter escorting President Musharraf, on his visit to the earthquake-affected areas on its second anniversary, crashed near Muzaffarabad, killing four people, including a brigadier. The Puma helicopter crashed at Majohi near Garhi Dupatta in Azad Kashmir at 11:15 am due to technical fault. Those killed included Brigadier Zahoor Ahmed, Naik Ajmal, Sepoy Rashid and PTV cameraman Muhammad Farooq, while President's Media Advisor Maj Gen (R) Rashid Qureshi sustained injuries. Twelve people were on board the helicopter.[144]


Fall from the presidency[edit]


By August 2007, polls showed 64 percent of Pakistanis did not want another Musharraf term.[145][146] Controversies involving the atomic issues, Lal Masjid incident, unpopular operation in West, suspension of famed Chief Justice, and widely circulated criticisms from rivals, Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif, had brutalized the personal image of Musharraf in public and political circles. More importantly, with Shaukat Aziz departing from the office of Prime Minister, Musharraf could not have sustained his presidency any longer and dramatically fell from the presidency within a matter of eight months, after popular and mass public movements successfully called for his impeachment for the actions taken during his presidency.


Suspension and reinstatement of the Chief Justice[edit]



On 9 March 2007, Musharraf suspended Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry and pressed corruption charges against him. He replaced him with ally Acting Chief Justice Javed Iqbal.

Musharraf's moves sparked protests among Pakistani lawyers. On 12 March 2007, lawyers started a campaign called Judicial Activism across Pakistan and began boycotting all court procedures in protest against the suspension. In Islamabad, as well as other cities such as Lahore, Karachi, and Quetta hundreds of lawyers dressed in black suits attended rallies, condemning the suspension as unconstitutional. Slowly the expressions of support for the ousted Chief Justice gathered momentum and by May, protesters and opposition parties took out huge rallies against Musharraf and his tenure as army chief was also challenged in the courts.[147][148]


Lal Masjid siege[edit]



Lal Masjid had a religious school for women and the Jamia Hafsa madrassa, which was attached to the mosque. A male madrassa was only a few minutes drive away. The mosque was often attended by prominent politicians including prime ministers, army chiefs, and presidents.

In April 2007, the mosque administration started to encourage attacks on local video shops, alleging that they were selling porn films, and massage parlours, which were alleged to be used as brothels. These attacks were often carried out by the mosque's female students. In July 2007, a confrontation occurred when government authorities made a decision to stop the student violence and send police officers to arrest the responsible individuals and the madrassa administration.

This development led to a standoff between police forces and armed students.[149] Mosque leaders and students refused to surrender and kept firing on police from inside the mosque building. Both sides suffered casualties.


Return of Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif[edit]


Also on 8 August 2007, Benazir Bhutto spoke about her secret meeting with Musharraf on 27 July, in an interview on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.

On 14 September 2007, Deputy Information Minister Tariq Azim stated that Bhutto won't be deported, but must face corruption suits against her. He clarified Sharif's and Bhutto's right to return to Pakistan.[150] Bhutto returned from eight years exile on 18 October. On 17 September 2007, Bhutto accused Musharraf's allies of pushing Pakistan to crisis by refusal to restore democracy and share power. Musharraf called for a three-day mourning period after Bhutto's assassination on 27 December 2007.

Sharif returned to Pakistan in September 2007, and was immediately arrested and taken into custody at the airport. He was sent back to Saudi Arabia.[151] Saudi intelligence chief Muqrin bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud and Lebanese politician Saad Hariri arrived separately in Islamabad on 8 September 2007, the former with a message from Saudi King Abdullah and the latter after a meeting with Nawaz Sharif in London. After meeting President General Pervez Musharraf for two-and-a-half hours discussing Nawaz Sharif's possible return.[152] On arrival in Saudi Arabia, Nawaz Sharif was received by Prince Muqrin bin Abdul-Aziz, the Saudi intelligence chief, who had met Musharraf in Islamabad the previous day. That meeting had been followed by a rare press conference, at which he had warned that Sharif should not violate the terms of King Abdullah's agreement of staying out of politics for 10 years.[153]


Resignation from the Military[edit]


On 2 October 2007, Musharraf appointed General Tariq Majid as Chairman Joint Chiefs Committee and approved General Ashfaq Kayani as vice chief of the army starting 8 October. When Musharraf resigned from military on 28 November 2007, Kayani became Chief of Army Staff.[154]


2007 presidential elections[edit]



In a March 2007 interview, Musharraf said that he intended to stay in office for another five years.[155]

A nine-member panel of Supreme Court judges deliberated on six petitions (including Jamaat-e-Islami's, Pakistan's largest Islamic group) for disqualification of Musharraf as presidential candidate. Bhutto stated that her party may join other opposition groups, including Sharif's.

On 28 September 2007, in a 6–3 vote, Judge Rana Bhagwandas's court removed obstacles to Musharraf's election bid.[156]


2007 state of emergency[edit]



On 3 November 2007 Musharraf declared emergency rule across Pakistan. He suspended the Constitution, imposed State of Emergency, and fired the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court again.[157] In Islamabad, troops entered the Supreme Court building, arrested the judges and kept them under detention in their homes. Troops were deployed inside state-run TV and radio stations, while independent channels went off air. Public protests mounted against Musharraf.


2008 general elections[edit]



General elections were held on 18 February 2008, in which the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) polled the highest votes and won the most seats.[158][159] On 23 March 2008, President Musharraf said an "era of democracy" had begun in Pakistan and that he had put the country "on the track of development and progress". On 22 March, the PPP named former parliament speaker Syed Yousaf Raza Gillani as its candidate for the country's next prime minister, to lead a coalition government united against him.


Impeachment movement and resignation[edit]



On 7 August 2008, the Pakistan Peoples Party and the Pakistan Muslim League (N) agreed to force Musharraf to step down and begin his impeachment. Asif Ali Zardari and Nawaz Sharif announced sending a formal request or joint charge sheet that he step down, and impeach him through parliamentary process upon refusal. Musharraf refused to step down.[160] A charge-sheet had been drafted, and was to be presented to parliament. It included Mr Musharraf’s first seizure of power in 1999—at the expense of Nawaz Sharif, the PML(N)'s leader, whom Mr Musharraf imprisoned and exiled—and his second last November, when he declared an emergency as a means to get re-elected president. The charge-sheet also listed some of Mr Musharraf's contributions to the "war on terror."[161]

Musharraf delayed his departure for the Beijing Olympics, by a day.[162][163] On 11 August, the government summoned the national assembly.[164]




On 18 August 2008, Musharraf announced his resignation. On the following day, he defended his nine-year rule in an hour-long televised speech.[165][166] However, public opinion was largely against him by this time. A poll conducted a day after his resignation showed that 63% Pakistanis welcomed Musharraf's decision to step down. while only 15% were unhappy with it.[167] On 23 November 2008 he left for exile in London where he arrived the following day.[168]


Academia and lectureship[edit]


After his resignation, Musharraf went to perform a holy pilgrimage to Mecca. He then went on a speaking and lectureship tour through the Middle East, Europe, and United States. Chicago-based Embark LLC was one of the international public-relations firms trying to land Musharraf as a highly paid keynote speaker.[169] According to Embark President David B. Wheeler, the speaking fee for Musharraf would be $150,000–200,000 for a day plus jet and other V.I.P. arrangements on the ground.[169] In 2011, he also lectured at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace on politics and racism where he also authored and published a paper with George Perkvich.[170]


Return to politics and formation of All Pakistan Muslim League[edit]


Since quitting politics in 2008, Musharraf has lived in London since 24 November 2008[168] in self-imposed exile.

Musharraf launched his own political party, the All Pakistan Muslim League, in June 2010.[171][172][173][174]


Legal threats and actions[edit]


Pervez Musharraf speaking at the WEF.

The PML-N has tried to get Pervez Musharraf to stand trial in an article 6 trial for treason in relation to the emergency on 3 November 2007.[175] The Prime Minister of Pakistan Yousaf Raza Gilani has said a consensus resolution is required in national assembly for an article 6 trial of Pervez Musharraf[176]"I have no love lost for Musharraf ... if parliament decides to try him, I will be with parliament. Article 6 cannot be applied to one individual ... those who supported him are today in my cabinet and some of them have also joined the PML-N ... the MMA, the MQM and the PML-Q supported him ... this is why I have said that it is not doable," said the Prime Minister while informally talking to editors and also replying to questions by journalists at an Iftar-dinner he had hosted for them.[177] Although the constitution of Pakistan, Article 232 and Article 236, provides for emergencies,[178] and on 15 February 2008, the interim Pakistan Supreme Court attempted to validated the Proclamation of Emergency on 3 November 2007, the Provisional Constitution Order No 1 of 2007 and the Oath of Office (Judges) Order, 2007,[179] after the Supreme Court judges were restored to the bench,[180] on 31 July 2009, they ruled that Musharraf had violated the constitution when he declared emergency rule in 2007.[181][182]

Saudi Arabia exerted its influence to attempt to prevent treason charges, under Article 6 of the constitution, from being brought against Musharraf, citing existing agreements between the states,[183][184] as well as pressuring Sharif directly.[185] As it turned out, it was not Sharif's decision to make.[186]

Abbottabad's district and sessions judge in a missing person's case passed judgment asking the authorities to declare Pervez Musharraf a proclaimed offender.[187] On 11 February 2011 the Anti Terrorism Court,[188] issued an arrest warrant for Musharraf and charged him with conspiracy to commit murder of Benazir Bhutto. On 8 March 2011, the Sindh High Court registered treason charges against him.[186]


Views on Pakistani police commandos[edit]


Regarding the Lahore attack on Sri Lankan players, Musharraf criticized the police commandos' inability to kill any of the gunmen, saying "If this was the elite force I would expect them to have shot down those people who attacked them, the reaction, their training should be on a level that if anyone shoots toward the company they are guarding, in less than three seconds they should shoot the man down."[189][190]


Views on the blasphemy laws in Pakistan[edit]


Regarding the Blasphemy laws in Pakistan, Musharraf said that Pakistan is sensitive to religious issues and that the blasphemy law should stay.[191]


Return to Pakistan[edit]


Since the start of 2011, news had circulated that Musharraf would return to Pakistan before the 2013 general election. He himself vowed this in several interviews. On Piers Morgan TonightMusharraf announced his plans to return to Pakistan on 23 March 2012 in order to seek the Presidency in 2013.[192] The Taliban[193] and Talal Bugti[194] threatened to kill him should he return.[195][196] On 3 April 2014, Musharraf escaped the fourth assassination attempt, resulting in an injury of a woman, according to Pakistani news.[197]


Electoral disqualification[edit]


On 24 March 2013, after a four-year self-imposed exile, he returned to Pakistan.[193][194] He landed at Jinnah International Airport, Karachi, via a chartered Emirates flight with Pakistani journalists and foreign news correspondents at around 12:40 PM PST. Hundreds of his supporters and workers of APML were at Karachi airport to welcome him. He also delivered a short public speech outside the airport lounge.[198]

On 16 April 2013, an electoral tribunal in Chitral declared Musharraf disqualified from candidacy there, effectively quashing his political ambitions (several other constituencies had previously rejected Musharraf's nominations).[199] A spokesperson for Musharraf's party said the ruling was "biased" and they would appeal the decision.[14]


House arrest[edit]


While Musharraf had technically been on bail since his return to the country,[200] on 18 April 2013 The Islamabad High Court ordered the arrest of Musharraf on charges relating to the 2007 arrests of judges.[201] Musharraf escaped from court with the aid of his security personnel, and went to his farm-house mansion.[202] The following day Musharraf was under house arrest[203] but was later transferred to police headquarters in Islamabad.[204] Musharraf characterized his arrest as "politically motivated"[205][206] and his legal team has declared their intention to fight the charges in the Supreme Court.[204] Further to the charges of this arrest, the Senate also passed a resolution petitioning that Musharraf be charged with high treason in relation to the events of 2007.[204]


Court arrest orders[edit]


On Friday 26 April 2013 the court ordered house arrest for Musharraf in connection with the death of Benazir Bhutto.[207] On 20 May, a Pakistani court granted bail to Musharraf.[208] On 12 June 2014 Sindh High Court allowed him to travel abroad.[209]


Murder cases investigations[edit]


On 25 June 2013, Musharraf was named as prime suspect in two separate cases, first Benazir Bhutto's assassination and second being Akbar Bugti case by Federal Investigation Agency for masterminding a conspiracy to assassinations of Benazir Bhutto and Akbar Bugti.[210]

On 20 August 2013, a Pakistani court indicted Musharraf in the assassination of Bhutto.[211]

On 2 September 2013, a FIR was registered against Pervez Musharraf for his role in the Lal Masjid Operation 2007. The FIR was lodged after the son of slain hard line cleric Abdul Rahid Ghazi (who was killed during the operation) asked authorities to bring charges against Musharraf.[212][213]

On 18 March 2016, Musharraf's name was removed from the Exit Control List and he was allowed to travel abroad, citing medical treatment. He currently lives in Dubai in self-imposed exile, but has vowed to return to the country.[214][215] Musharraf appears as a political analyst on his weekly television show "Sab Se Pehle Pakistan with President Musharraf", hosted by BOL News.[216]

On 31 August 2017, The anti-terrorism court in Rawalpindi convicted him an "absconder" in Bhutto's murder case. The court also ordered that his property in Pakistan be seized.[16][217][218]


Personal life[edit]


Musharraf is the second son of his parents and has two brothers—Javed and Naved.[23][24][33] Javed retired as a high-level official in Pakistan's civil service.[33] Naved is an anesthesiologist who has lived in Chicago since completing his residency training at Loyola University Medical Center in 1979.[23][33]

Musharraf married Sehba on 28 December 1968.[32] Sehba is from Karachi. They have a daughter, Ayla, an architect married to film director Asim Raza,[219] and a son, Bilal.[33][220]

Musharraf published his autobiography—In the Line of Fire: A Memoir—in 2006.


See also[edit]





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